Yoga Bisics
February 19, 2012 The yoga (the Sanskrit Ioga ) refers to traditional physical and mental discipline that originated in India . The word is associated with practices of meditation in Hinduism , the Buddhism and Jainism .
According to its practitioners, yoga gives the following results:
the union of individual soul with God , among those with a religious position devotional type;
the perception that the ego is spiritual and not material, between those who have a position spiritualist ;
the physical and mental, between those who have a position rationalist ( atheist or agnostic ). 1
Content [ hide ]
Photograph reproduced in the book Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization (John Marshall, London, 1931), showing a seal of the Indus Valley civilization . In this confusing picture, Marshall thought he saw a meditating yogi sitting.
Because the lack of chronology Sanskrit texts, it is unknown exactly when the inhabitants of the Indian subcontinent began to perform this type of meditation physical postures.
The British archaeologist Sir John Marshall discovered in Mohenjo-Daro ( Pakistan ) a seal with figures, datable to the seventeenth century. C. , the Indus Valley culture . In 1931 he published his interpretation, 2 imagining a creature called anthropomorphic horned into a sitting position with legs crossed. Marshall developed three scenarios that are not yet confirmed: 3
being granted would be the god Shiva , hence the label named Marshall ” Pasupati “(‘Beastmaster’, another name of Hindu god Shiva);
being would be practicing a yoga posture;
Yoga therefore would have at least 35 centuries old.
Some other Western writers, including the historian of religions Mircea Eliade (1907-1986), and G. Feurstein- 4 believed that this proposal was sufficient proof that the Indus culture was known yoga.
In contrast, Hindus claim that yoga is eternal ( I added ‘no beginning’) and has always existed.
In Hinduism, it counts as one of six orthodox doctrines. [ citation needed ]
These doctrines (and their respective founders or key historical references) are:
yoga (of Patanjali ).
Vedanta (of Vyasa ).
Sdnkhya (of Kapila ).
purva mimansa (of Yaimini ).
niaia (of Gotama ).
Vaisheshika (of Kanada ).
Types of Yoga
Sculpture of the Great Buddha of Kamakura ( Japan ), in meditation posture.
A sadhu ( ascetic Hindu) as a lithographs of the book Illustrations of hindous them . Paris: F. B. H. et Solvyns Nicolle. By the year 1812.
The types of yoga that are considered essential are: [ citation needed ]
raja yoga (usually identified with Ashtanga yoga ) 5
jñāna yoga
karma yoga
The designations bhakti yoga and hatha yoga or branches do not correspond to fundamental ways of classical yoga. The hatha yoga is a part of Raja Yoga .
Raya yoga
Main article: Raya yoga
The Raja-Yoga (lit. ‘royal yoga’ where rasha : ‘King’),
Usually identify the Raja-Yoga with ashtanga yoga described by Patanjali .
Eight steps
Main article: Ashtanga Yoga
The Sanskrit text Yoga-sutra (“Aphorisms of Yoga ‘) of Patanjali (probably the third century BC. ) prescribes adherence to eight precepts that constitute what is called Ashta-anga yoga , the ‘yoga of the eight members’ (being ashta: ‘eight’ and Anga: ‘member’). In this text, Patanjali compiled and systematized knowledge about these techniques.
These “eight members” are:
iama free auto insurance quotes (‘bans’):
ahimsa (‘non-violence’, sensitivity toward others).
Satia (‘truth’, no lie).
asteia (‘do not steal’).
Brahmacharia (‘Brahmanical behavior’, although in practice meant celibacy and study of the Vedas )
aparigraja (‘no stick’ at home, etc..).
niiama (‘precepts’):
shaucha (‘clean’ physical and mental)
santosha (‘complete satisfaction’).
tapas (discipline, ‘consumed by the heat’).
suadhiaia (“recite [the Vedas in a low voice] for himself ‘).
íshuara pranidhana (‘offered to the driver [God]‘)
asana (‘posture’): the spine should be kept upright and stable body in a comfortable position for meditation. The hatha yoga focuses on this member.
Pranayama (“breath control”; prana: mystical energy in the air breathed, and yama: ‘control’)
pratiajara (‘big eater’, sense control, prati: ‘bit’; ahara: ‘eat involves the withdrawal of the senses from external objects).
dharana (‘support’; dhara: ‘hold’, involves concentrating the mind on one thought).
Dhydna (‘meditation’).
samadhi (‘complete absorption’).
Jnana yoga
Main article: Jnana Yoga
The Jnana (“knowledge”) applies to both sacred and secular contexts. Linked with the term “yoga” can refer to learning or conceptual knowledge, and the highest wisdom, intuitive insight or gnosis , ie a kind of liberating knowledge or intuition. Occasionally, Jnana even equated with the ultimate Reality.
Karma Yoga
Main article: Karma Yoga
The karma yoga , “yoga of action ‘or rather’ yoga of service ‘is the complete dedication of the activities, words and mind to God. The karma yoga is the activity for good. According to Hinduism , good works (good karma ) did not lead to God, but a subsequent reincarnation into better living conditions, while the sinful activities (bad karma ) lead to reincarnation in the worst living conditions. The karma yoga produces no material reactions, but it frees the soul and allows, at the time of death, back to God.
Other names associated with yoga
Sarva-anga-asana (‘posture of all members’, the position of the candle, or reverse position in hatha yoga .
A yoga class at Texas (USA).
The following schools should not be identified as critical in yoga:
Hatha Yoga
Main article: Hatha yoga
The hatha yoga is the yoga most widely used worldwide, and is known for its asanas (or body positions). This is a system of physical postures aimed at achieving the body is suitable for meditation. The asanas generate physical and mental serenity, so that a devout yogi can sit for hours in a meditation posture without straining or concerns. One of its main asanas is Padmāsana (or ‘lotus position’) and ‘ sun salutation ‘ (Surya Namaskar) .
Currently, the hatha yoga emphasizes relaxation.
Bhakti Yoga
Main article: Bhakti Yoga
The bhakti yoga is the yoga devotional . The difference with the karma yoga is very subtle: although both types of practitioners devote their activities to the Absolute, the practitioners of devotion (bhaktas) are interested in a more esoteric nature of God (in his personality as Krishna ) and activities, from Puranic scriptures , especially the Bhagavata-purana (eleventh century AD.).
The bhakti yoga was popularized in the 1970′s by the movement Hare Krishna .
Ashtanga yoga viniasa
Main article: Ashtanga yoga viniasa
The ashtanga yoga viniasa yoga is a system based on the text Yoga Korunta . Sri Containers T. Nama Krishna Acharya wrote that he had learned (oral) of his guru Rama Mojan Brahmachari in the early twentieth century. Nama Krishna Acharya then taught it to his disciples, Indra Devi , BKS Iyengar , Sri Pattabhi Jois and T. K. V. Desikachar , his son. These teachers would spread in the West. Sri K. Pattabhi Jois, who teaches at present this system in India, learned this type of yoga Nama Krishna Acharya, who studied since 1927 .
This school of yoga seeks to incorporate the traditional eight limbs of yoga (known as Ashtanga Yoga ) as expounded by Patanjali in his Yoga-sutras . Emphasizes viniasa (breath synchronized movement) through a stepwise series of postures with specific breathing ( Pranayama uyáii ) .
According to its adherents, this practice produces internal Plastic Storage Bins heat and heavy sweating. This heat purifies muscles and organs, removes toxins and allows the body to be reconstituted. This method requires a lot of elasticity and strength, and is recommended for those wishing to lose weight and increase strength and elasticity.
Kriya Yoga
Majashaia Lajiri sitting in lotus position. Picture taken from the book Autobiography of a Yogi , of Paramahamsa Yogananda .
Main article: Kriya Yoga
According to the Bhagavata Purana (4.13.3), the Yoga-sutra (2.1) and kriya yoga sara (a section of the Padma-purana ), the kriiá-yoga is the practice of yoga, a type of active devotion: union with divinity through proper practice of daily duties.
The kria yoga was popularized in the West by Paramahansa Yogananda in his book Autobiography of a Yogi . According to him, yoga kriiá accelerates spiritual evolution and generates a deep state of tranquility. The techniques of yoga kriiá were popularized by the yogi Lajiri Majashaia]]. It would be a mystical form of Pranayama , or control of respiratory energy.
The Sanskrit Denver Divorce Lawyer word kriiá means:
action, conduct, occupation, business, work, work (according to Katiaiana-shrauta-sutra and the Laws of Manu ).
physical action, ejercitamiento members (according to lexicographers as Amarasimja and Jemachandra).
judicial investigation (by human means, as witnesses, documents, etc.) or by means superhuman
expiation of guilt
action (like the general idea can be expressed by a verb).
verb. According to the grammarians there are two types of verbs: sakarma-kriiá (‘active’) and akarma-kriiá (‘intransitive’).
sacrifice, religious rite
religious activity, the daughter of Kardama and wife of Dharma
However, according to the word Yogananda kriiá means ‘clean’ (whether it be physical or mental), one that helps eliminate kleshas (impurities) that plague the actions of their followers.
According to the teachings of yoga, kleshas are:
Avidia : ignorance
asmita : selfishness
raga : desire
duesha : hatred
abhinivesha : tenacity of mundane existence.
Through the calm breathing of Kriya Yoga heartbeats are stilled. As a result, the vital energy is disconnected from the five senses and the mind becomes conscious then the state pratiajara , that is, withdrawal of senses from external objects (being prati , ‘little’ and ajara ‘eat’).
Kundalini yoga
Main article: Kundalini Yoga
Yogi in lotus position practicing breathing Pranayama .
It was introduced in the West in the seventies by Yogi Bhajan . The kundalini yoga includes asanas (postures), Pranayama (breath control), chanting mantras , mudras (ritual gestures) and kriyas (exercises). 6
The postures are simple and accompanied by a dynamic breathing, known as “breath of fire.” Physically demanding and requires little practice creates peace of mind and vitality.
The kundalini yoga emphasizes:
The slow movement.
Mental concentration in the movement.
Deep breathing during practice.
The total immobility in the position maintained.
The relaxation during and after each exercise.
Modern Schools
Other types of yoga created in the second half of the twentieth century (presented in alphabetical order):
Mimansa yoga .
Natha Yoga (‘yoga of dance’, therapeutic yoga, a system that integrates several methods of yoga, pointing to education).
Purna Yoga (‘yoga full’ modern synthesis of various methods of yoga).
Sajaya yoga is a yoga created in 1970 by Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi, car transport whose objective is the development of the human being or, which is the same, get the full consciousness of the true spiritual self. To reach this goal is necessary to awaken an energy that resides in our sacrum , known to Hindus by the name of Kundalini. With the method proposed by the Sajaya-yoga, this awakening occurs spontaneously and naturally, without forcing anything at any time.
Sarva Yoga (‘yoga of all’ modern integration of hatha yoga and bhakti yoga ).
SwáSthya Yôga is the name of the school founded by the Brazilian master DeRose in the twentieth century . According to the author, suasthia-yoga is the codification and systematization of a strictly practical kind of yoga, pre-classical, pre- Vedic and pre- Aryan , lineage tantra – samkhia (therefore matriarchal sensory desrepresor, naturalist and technical) . His name would be scholar -dakshina-achara tantrika-niríshwara-samkhia-yoga (tantric yoga atheist). According to his followers, the suasthia yoga is the systematization of the original and oldest yoga. Consider the classical yoga (Patanjali) is a later form. 7
The tantra is not considered a type of yoga [ citation needed ] (although some call it tantra yoga ), but that is another Hindu doctrine.
Doctrines of Yoga
Provisions to establish the foundations of yoga are the Bhagavad Gita- , the Yoga-sutras (of Patanjali ), the Gueranda-samjitá , the Yoga-darshana-Upanishads and Yoga-Pradipika Jatha .
According to the doctrines Hindus in which sits the yoga, the human being is a soul ( yivatman ) enclosed in a body (rupa) . The body has several parts: the physical body ( left or sharira ), mind (mana) , intelligence (GNA) and false ego ( ajankara ) .
To lead a full life, it must meet three needs: physical needs (health and activity), the psychological need (knowledge and power) and spiritual needs (happiness and peace). When all three are present, there is harmony. Yoga is a practical wisdom that encompasses every aspect of being a person. Teaches the individual to evolve by developing self-discipline. Yoga is also defined as the restriction of emotions, which are seen as mere fluctuations (Vritti) of the mind. Followers of Hinduism distinguish between the soul (impassive, emotions) and mind (always fluctuating and full of anxieties ).
According to some, yoga provides the means to understand the workings of the mind, or even be the art of studying the behavior of the mind. But others say that yoga does not study anything, it is not an intellectual effort, but a mystical experience, which among other things helps to calm the incessant movements of the mind, leading to an undisturbed state of mental silence. The Vaisnavas (worshipers of Vishnu ) deny this concept, and they say you can not silence the mind, but it should occupy in spiritual activities (offered to God), which simultaneously satisfy the anxiety of it and purify of material desires.
Yoga is thus the art and science of mental discipline by which the mind grows and matures. There is a science in the Western sense of the word. Hindus use the concept of science because they know that the more rationalistic Western world science is well conceptualized.
Yoga seeks to reach the integration of soul ( Jiva-atman ) individual with God ( Brahman ) or your deity (avatar) . This re-union is called samadhi , through which you access the liberation ( moksha ) .
Basic texts of Wire Cart Covers yoga
“Bhagavad Gita”
Main article: Bhagavad-Gita
In the Bhagavad Gita, (‘the song of the Opulent’), the god Krishna (also called Bhagavan) provides an extremely brief four main branches of yoga (in order of importance, according to scholars of the Bhagavad Gita- ):
The ashtanga-yoga (or ‘yoga of the eight steps’, with practice of asanas or postures).
The Jnana-yoga (or intellectual pursuit of the Absolute, through the study of logic and meditation)
The karma-yoga (yoga of action or devoted to God).
The bhakti (“devotion” directed towards Krishna as a person).
“Yoga Sutra” of Patanjali
The thinker Patanjali represented as a Hindu deity (incarnation of the serpent Adi Shesha , another aspect of Sankarshana ).
Main article: Yoga sūtra
In the Yoga Sutra , Patanjali defines yoga with the following aphorism:
योग: चित्त – वृत्ति निरोध:
(yogah chitta-vritti-nirodhah)
- Yoga Sutra 1.2
being chitta ‘consciousness’, vritti ‘fluctuations, movements’ and nirodha ‘restriction, suppression, control’. 8 The literal translation is thus: ‘Yoga is the restriction of the fluctuations of consciousness’. [ citation needed ]
Some other translations of this aphorism is:
Gardini : Yoga is the suppression of the modifications of the mind.
Kurma Dasa Raya : Yoga is the cessation of the fluctuations of the mind.
Purohit Swami : Yoga is control of the activities of the mind.
Satia Prakash : Yoga is the inhibition of mental functions.
Sivananda : Yoga is the suppression of mental turbulence.
Taimni : Yoga is the inhibition of the modifications of the mind.
Tola and Dragonetti : Yoga is the restriction of the processes of the mind.
Vishnu : Yoga is the suppression of mental activity.
Wood, Ernest E. : yoga is the control of ideas in the mind.
Hatha Yoga Pradipika
Main article: Hatha Yoga Pradipika
Famous Yogis
Main article: Notable Yogis
Some yoga scholars during the twentieth century in the West
Mircea Eliade , a historian of religions, a hallmark of Moldova .
Kumara Swami Ananda (Ananda Coomaraswamy) (1877-1947).
Paul Masson-Oursel (1882-1956).
Giuseppe Tucci (1894-1984).
Mircea Eliade (1907-1986).
Ramiro Calle (1943 -).
Quotations
According to ancient Hindu author Patanjali (possibly third century BC. ): “Yoga is the restriction of the fluctuations of consciousness” ( Yoga Sutra , Chapter Samadhi, 1.2).
According to the teacher Latvian Indra Devi (1899-2002): “Yoga is an art and a science of life.” Just his foundation called Art and Science of Life.
According to Ramiro Street (in The Book of yogas , 1998): “Yoga proposes overcoming ignorance metaphysics through a praxis , a method that leads to discharge wisdom discriminative, ie, to refine and purify the judgment. ”
See also
Aura • Chakras • contortion • Autogenic training • Ecstasy • Iantra • Kundalini Yoga • Mandala • Mantra • Meditation • Mudras • Nadis • Inner peace or shanti • Reverse Posture Hatha Yoga • Pranayama • Qi • Samadhi • Tantra • Patanjali Yoga Sutras • Zazen
References
↑ Ramiro Calle, and Isabel Morillo (2005). Learn yoga. Basic course in theory and practice yoga. Basic level . Madrid: Library Argentina. pp. 9. ISBN 84-89836-86-8 .
↑ Marshall, John H. (1931) (in English) . Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization . London: Arthur Probsthain.
↑ Wendy Doniger, ed (1999) (in English) . Merriam-Webster’s Encyclopedia of World Religions . Springfield (Mass.): Merriam-Webster. ISBN 0-87779-044-2 .
↑ According to G. Feuerstein ( Textbook of Yoga , p. 53): “They can detect traces of a primitive form of yoga known as the Indus civilization that flourished in the second and third millennia to. C. ‘.
↑ Danilo Hernandez: Highlights of yoga (p. 28), 1997.
↑ Danilo Hernandez: Highlights of yoga (p. 32), 1997.
↑ “You will find in Yajnavalkya Smriti, Hiranyagarbha That (Supreme Lord of the universe) Was the original teacher of Yoga. Patanjali Maharshi is only hcg diet plan a complier or explainer of the Yogic Principles and tenets and practised Taught by Hiranyagarbha and others “(Swami Sivananda, Ten Upanishads , p. 15).
↑ Iyengar Yoga sutras (p. 94), 2003.
References
Street, Ramiro (1998). The book of yoga . Madrid: Edaf. ISBN 84-414-0307-4 .
DeRose, Maestro (2007). Treaty of yoga, Yoga Shastra . [2007]. Sao Paulo (Brazil): Nobel. ISBN 978-85-213-1361-8 .
Eliade, Mircea (1998). Yoga. Immortality and Freedom (Le Yoga. Inmortalité et liberté). . [1972]. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica. ISBN 968-16-3529-9 .
-. Yoga Techniques (Techniques du Yoga). . [1948]. Barcelona: Kairos, 1999. ISBN 84-7245-476-2 .
Hernandez, Danilo (1997). Highlights of yoga. Theory and practice . [2005]. Barcelona: The March Hare. ISBN 84-87403-27-1 .
Iyengar, BKS (2001). The Tree of Yoga (The tree of yoga) [1988] . Barcelona: Kairos. ISBN make t shirts 84-7245-413-4 .
- (2003). Light on the “Yoga Sutras” of Patanjali (Light on the “Yoga Sutras” of Patanjali). . [1993]. Barcelona: Kairos. ISBN 84-7245-525-4 .
Jung, Carl Gustav (2008). Complete Works: Volume 11. On the Psychology of Religion Western and Eastern religion. XII. Yoga and the West . Madrid: Trotta. ISBN 978-84-8164-902-4 ISBN / ISBN 978-84-8164-907-9 .
A yogi is one who practices yoga. In India , the title is sometimes attributed to either of sadhus , the swamis , and gurus to indicate the practice ascetic and mystical , past or present, of the personality in question. Here, a sadhu during Shivaratri (celebration of Shiva , the god associated with asceticism and yoga)
The Yoga ( Sanskrit in Devanagari : योग) 1 is one of six schools of Indian philosophy Astika. The reference text is the Yoga Sutra of Patanjali .
It has become, particularly in the West , a discipline aimed, by meditation , the ascetic morality and physical exercises , to achieve the unification of the human being in his physical, mental and spiritual 2 . The term yoga is commonly used today to describe the Hatha yoga , even if that discipline is only one branch.
There are no documented date for the origins of the concept of yoga. The proposed dates range from VI th in III e millennium BC . It is between the ii th century BC. AD and the v th century that Patanjali codified the philosophy of yoga in drafting the Yoga Sutra , synthesis of all existing theories 3 .
Summary [ hide ]
1 Etymology
2 Semantics
3 The Yogi
4 Historical Approach
4.1 Antiquity
4.2 Contemporary Period
5 Literary Approach
5.1 Yoga sūtra
5.2 Bhagavad Gita
6 Philosophical approach
6.1 Yoga in Indian philosophy
6.2 Purpose of yoga philosophy
7 Practices of Yoga
7.1 Four-way traditional
7.1.1 Jnana Yoga
7.1.2 Bhakti Yoga
7.1.3 Karma Yoga
7.1.4 Raja Yoga
7.2 Channels of Kriya Yoga
7.2.1 Hatha Yoga
7.2.2 Mantra Yoga
7.2.3 Tantra Yoga
7.2.3.1 Kashmir Shaivism
7.2.3.2 Kundalini Yoga
7.2.3.3 Yoga Nidra
8 non-Hindu traditions of Yoga
8.1 Buddhism and Yoga
8.1.1 Cittamātra
8.1.2 Shingon
8.1.3 Tibetan Buddhism
8.2 Egypt and Yoga
9 Western practices derived from yoga
9.1 Yoga for the blind
9.2 Yoga in school
9.3 Yoga and Ayurveda
9.4 Yogathérapie
10 Bibliography
10.1 Texts of Yoga
10.2 Studies on the yoga
11 Notes and references
12 See also
Etymology
The word “yoga “(Devanagari: योग) is, in the language Sanskrit , a male name constructed by adding to the root -YUJ a thematic vowel -a 4 . When this derivation is performed on a primary root in the full grade range (also called degree guna ), it provides the subject of an action name generally male. Reach level guna , the root -YUJ becomes YOJ- . The phonetic laws require to pronounce the Sanskrit, in some cases, the palatal sound -j on the pivot point of the guttural sound g- 5 .
The radical YOJ-becomes-YOG.
This radical comes from the word Indo-European * yugóm, itself derived from the root *-yeug. In Indo-European as in most daughter languages , the word has retained its original meaning of yoke (eg Yukan in Hittite , iugum in Latin , یوغ in Persian , etc..) 6 .
YOG- primary then allows different derivations, including that of the noun stem -yoga , which declined due, can exercise a function in a nominal sentence Sanskrit, as the sūtra as follows: Yogas cittavṛttinirodhaḥ . This verse of Patanjali , which precisely defines what the yoga is a noun phrase composed of two terms, a simple name yogas and a name consisting of three themes juxtaposed cittavṛttinirodhaḥ 7 declined in both nominal (the ending -s of the nominative appears here, for phonetic reasons, the forms -S and -H ).
Semantics
The Sanskrit root YUJ- means “harness, unite.” The word “yoga” has, in Sanskrit, the following meanings: “1) the coupling of action, 2) method for training horses, 3) manual, technical, and 4) spiritual discipline; 5) Raja Yoga; 6) Hatha Yoga; 7) state of union or unity of the subjective with the Supreme (Shri Aurobindo as) ” 8 .
The meaning of yoga is not limited to that of” union (“union of Atma (individual soul) with Brahman (the Universal Mind) ” 9 .
Yogi
From the perspective of Hindu , a yogi or yogin (female, yogini ) is an ascetic who may be a samnyâsin , a sadhu or guru . The term does not a function but a form of spiritual commitment.
Historical approach
Main article: History of yoga .
Antiquity
Bhairava , Shiva in his terrifying form.
In the 1920s, a team of archaeologists led by John Marshall discovered the ruins on the banks of the Indus ( Pakistan today) the city of Mohenjo-Daro , which was founded three thousand years ago. Among the objects updated during these excavations, seals illustrated with figures in postures ( asanas ) that resemble those of hatha yoga have provoked debate, without the slightest certiude about it, the possibility that Yoga existed long before he is brought in northern India by the Aryans and the Vedas before 10 .
To the xvii th century BC. denver martial arts BC , the Aryans invaded the Punjab 11 , they bring with them their religion codified in the Vedas , the root of Hinduism to which this is yoga. They imposed their language, Sanskrit 12 , but were imbued with the indigenous traditions of northern India, including yogic practices originally existing among Dravidians 13 . For the rituals of the time, ” Speak the formula, consists in triggering a kind of magic voice, rather than state a form of absolute truth ” 14 . This mantra is found very attentive in the mantra-yoga, and attention to gesture is found in the mudra , codified and symbolic positions of the hands.
To the vii th century BC. BC , the Upanishads are the third and final group of scriptural Vedic revelation. The momentum crossed by the metaphysical circle of the liturgy and, equivalencies equivalencies, rises to the supreme truth 15 : identity of the individual soul ( Atma ) and the universal soul ( Brahman ) 11 , a theme echoed in the philosophy of yoga.
To the iv th century BC. BC ‘s Yoga Sutra (YS) 16 and the Bhagavad Gita, are written, they will become the reference texts of yoga.
Contemporary period
At the beginning of xx th century yoga reappears along with the renewed interest in Eastern spirituality. In 1924, Sri Krishnamacharia founded a school of yoga that will model hatha yoga as it is known in the West.
Yoga has slowly developed and immersing himself in impregnating his surroundings. Yoga is primarily a practical realization ( Sadhana ) obtained by an ascetic engaging all forces of the body and mind 11 ; it is similar to Sāmkhya by all theoretical contributions that he draws from it.
Literary approach
Among the writings of the founders should include Yoga sūtra attributed to Patanjali and the Bhagavad Gita , part of the great cycle of the Mahābhārata .
Yoga sūtra
Main article: Yoga Sutra .
Devanagari script
This suite of 195 aphorisms was codified around the ii th century BC. BC by Patanjali . They deal with the inner world of man and means to implement to free themselves of the confusion (अविद्य avidyā ) causing suffering. The Yoga Sutra 17 codify the practice of yoga into four chapters:
Chapter I, From the Unification 18 : Samadhi pada .
After paying tribute to the perpetual drive chain master-disciple 19 , this chapter defines immediately the goal of yoga 20 which is not without surprise Westerners used to not know that the practice of asanas (postures) for Patanjali, there is a cessation of agitation of the mind 21 which stimulates the pain and confusion of the ego 22 made for the Self 23 . Then he shows the obstacles and ways to overcome them: finally, it presents a model, and describes the different stages of samadhi .
Chapter II, From path: Sadhana pada .
This chapter outlines the causes of suffering discrimination and proposes as a way to escape. To develop discrimination, simultaneous observance of the eight directions of ashtanga yoga is the foundation of yoga practice.
1 – yama : practicing basic moral duties to others as to oneself.
2 – niyama : discipline themselves and compete in daily practice.
3 – Asana : keep quiet stably; Patanjali speaks to any particular position or when sitting or standing.
4 – Pranayama : become aware of breathing; Patanjali does not detail any pranayama , and never talks about breath control.
5 – Pratyahara : know how to separate the sensory perception of the perceived object.
These five anga (limbs) are the foundations of hatha yoga.
Chapter III Powers: vibhuti pada .
Description of the last three anga :
6 – Dharana : concentration, keep the mind concentrated , fixed on a point.
7 – dhyana : meditation deep, fix any sensory input at the heart of the perceived object (see meditation ).
8 – samadhi : deep contemplation, perceive objects and events beyond any personal projection.
Then the chapter discusses access to wonderful powers ( siddhi ), and warns that the pursuit of these powers can become a hindrance.
Chapter IV, Emancipation From: Kaïvalaya pada .
Presentation of Karma and duality, then the duality to unity. This is a cover depth of all the themes already exposed to the ultimate detachment leads to freedom 24 .
Bhagavad Gita
See detailed article: Bhagavad-Gita .
The philosophical level is complemented by the Bhagavad Gita. The Bhagavad Gita discusses the different paths of yoga and its philosophies. It is divided into eighteen sub-chapters, being itself a chapter of the Mahābhārata . Verse 48 of Chapter 2 ( Yogastah Kuru Karmani ” established in yoga, you can act “) is the central aphorism of yoga practice.
Philosophical approach
Yoga in Indian philosophy
Main article: Indian Philosophy .
Yogini, Tamil Nadu
Yoga is one of six views of Indian philosophy Astika (which recognizes the authority of the Vedas ): the darsana which extend the Upanishads . They work in pairs: Nyaya and Vaisesika , Sankhya and Yoga, Mimamsa and Vedanta . These Darsana are considered essential to obtain a complete view of reality. This is indeed the juxtaposition of these six paths of knowledge which would capture all “as we look at a statue from different angles before we can form a general idea of” 25 .
In Sāmkhya 26 , system dualist and atheist , yoga takes many theoretical elements including: the Purusa 27 , the prakrti and the gunas 28 .
“Whoever remains in the field of ignorance, is a victim of the five barriers 29 that are ignorance, the ego , the attachment hardware as much as his own ideas, the revulsion and fear of death 30 . ” . Man suffers because he is constantly seeking the source of his happiness outside of himself and this lawsuit comes at the cost of mental agitation which results in stress and / or the pain of living. In this context, yoga offers a physical practice connected to a precise knowledge of the workings and psychic resistances, to achieve a union body and spirit that reveals a natural serenity, characterized by freedom (मोक्ष moksa ) stamped inside (to the stage final) from any subjection to the packaging (संस्कार samskara ).
Philosophical goal of yoga
The ultimate goal of yoga is the quest for harmony , a unity of body and mind. For Patanjali , it is also the facility to the state of sattva , that is to say, the prevention or cessation of subtle changes to the state within the mind ( manas ), sources of karma . This harmony or this state is in the present moment, and is potentially accessible to every human being. “At the heart of yoga there is a strong message that every human being is naturally balanced, because the whole Soi 31 can not be destroyed or damaged. This is our inherent nature, and yoga is the path to greater awareness of this inner entity, the Self ” 32 . “When we systematically follow the path of yoga, it makes our life a profound significance. Internally, it allows us to act according to our needs, our intentions and values we hold most dear. Externally, it teaches us to strengthen our body, to relax and balance the nervous system and to find peace and concentration on an object. Ultimately, it is said that yoga leads to the direct realization of our true nature ” 33 . ”
Yoga is a philosophy inclusive, all beliefs, even religious or humanist , may find their account. However, yoga is not a religion Relevant Life Policies . Offering yoga union, religious choices 34 or not 35 are respected. The key is the cessation of mental disturbances, it induces: the respect of others, peace and nonviolence .
Yoga practices
There are many ways and styles of yoga related to different individual aspirations and various aspects of our nature. Traditional four-lane major summarize these directions.
Within the same lane (मार्ग, Marga), there may be different currents. A yogin recognized as fully controlling a mode of teaching may decide to start a yoga school . This diversity is not a sign of weakness or of strife, but rather a response to the extreme diversity of expectations.
Four traditional channels
Four major traditional channels can summarize these directions. You can follow meetings or separately:
Jnana yoga
Main article: Jnana Yoga .
The jnana yoga is the path of yoga which aims to achieve transcendental knowledge.
Bhakti Yoga
Main article: Bhakti Yoga .
Bhakti yoga is the path of devotional yoga for a purpose of worship.
Karma Yoga
Main article: Karma Yoga .
Karma yoga is the path of yoga of selfless action and service.
These three yogas above form the trimàrga, or path to enlightenment. There exists a path that would bring together these three asceticism in an earlier and that would be. This way, the Madhyama marga is the source of the middle way which inspires and Zen Buddhism.
Raja Yoga
Main article: raja yoga .
Raja Yoga is a path of yoga inspired by Yoga Sutras codified by Patanjali, the path of yoga mainly engages in meditation ( dhyana ).
Pathways kriya yoga
Main article: Kriya Yoga .
A quote from David Frawley described as follows kriya yoga:
“The yogic science has its own technology consisting of various methods and techniques involving the body, breath and mind. Kriya refers to the action, the process or movement, especially the deployment of internal prana and concentration. The purification and processing techniques from the yoga and prepare for deep meditation 36 . ”
The Hathayoga the mantrayoga and Tantra Yoga are three common forms of kriyāyoga .
Hatha yoga denver car accident attorney
Main articles: Hatha yoga and List of Hatha Yoga postures .
Posture of hatha yoga: the iguana
For most westerners, yoga boils down to hatha yoga. Yet not only is not the only form of yoga, but even, as proposed in the West is far removed from what really is traditional hatha yoga.
Indeed, hatha yoga, traditionally, is not a form of gentle exercise but a spiritual path in its own right, which is a more steep and treacherous path reserved for an elite group of individuals willing to cut corners to achieve.
The word “hatha “(हठ), mean force, violence, a symbolic point of view, it also expresses the happy meeting of opposites, which is found in the comic Pranava (प्रणव), the sacred syllable om ( welcoming the new moon solar point).
From a technical standpoint, hatha yoga is a discipline of harmonization and development of psychological faculties (concentration, serenity) and equipment (power and flexibility) pushed to perfection. The principal works which have this method, developed in the late first millennium AD in the Tantric sect of Goraknath, are the haṭhayogapradīpikā and Gheranda Samhita .
Mantra-yoga
Japamala
Main article: Mantra .
The mantra is an object or a holder of meditation . The mantra is either a sacred formula of invocation condensed, a series of syllables assemblies according to their intrinsic magic only efficiency, repeated many times following a certain pattern. The goal of her practice can be a material or spiritual benefit. The mantra yoga can be done as part of a ritual minimum, or a liturgy, including prayers, visualizations, mudras , etc.. The narrator is often accompanied by a Mala , a sort of rosary with 108 beads. Mantra yoga is identified largely with the Siddha Yoga . In a more popular and easy to assimilate it japa yoga , yoga-based “recitation” of the name of the deity, repeated mechanically, or a mantra .
Tantra Yoga
The Tantra yoga is expressed through two religions: Buddhism Tantric 37 (Tibet, Bhutan, Nepal, and Japan) and the Hindu Tantric (mainly in northern India). In Hinduism, Tantra (तन्त्र) means rule, method, treated. Tantra is an approach to energy at a subtle level.
Several yogas have their origin in tantra, we will mention three: The Kashmir Shaivism, the kundalini yoga and yoganidrā yoga or sleep.
Kashmir Shaivism
Main article: Kashmir Shaivism .
Mount Kailash, the abode supposed Shiva
This yoga is the highest expression of Tantra, it is based on the triple authority, first of all sacred writings, the Agama , then the experience and teaching of the master, then the good judgment of the practitioner . Unlike the classical Brahmanism, the Kashmir Shaivism does not require any particular qualification of caste, creed, but only a desire to learn, according to his ability, to an appropriate education. Only fervor and disinterestedness are required, no painful form of asceticism, no sense of contempt or of everyday life 38 . Between the VI th and x th century Vasugupta , Abhinavagupta , Gaudapada , Kshemaraja drafted Cacheméries major works.
Kundalini yoga
The seven chakras
Main article: Kundalini Yoga .
The kundalini refers to this primordial energy in every human being and evolves into Sushumna , its main channel located along the spine, through chakra to the crown of the head. This technique allows the equilibration and then the combination of ascending and descending currents flowing through the body of the main energy channels ( nadi ) left ( ideal ) and right ( Pingala ). Some schools of Hatha Yoga will draw large loans, including their energy representations of the body.
Jung continued, throughout his life, an analysis of the psychology and human tried among others, a reconciliation between Eastern thought – Kundalini yoga – theory and psychoanalysis . Fundamentally, psychoanalysis is a ” praxis “, an empirical method, whose theoretical models emerge precisely with the beginnings of Jung in the psychoanalytic movement (definition of a” complex “). Yoga will provide an easy justification of these models that are neither psychoanalytic nor yogic, and will recycle almost all models Judeo-Christians.
Aleister Crowley would have inspired counterpoint of Kundalini Yoga in precisely the Jungian definition.
Yoga Nidra
Main article: Yoga Nidra .
Yoga Nidra means “yogic sleep “. It Buy Phen375 can be considered as a variant of the trance of shamans . This ancient technique is described in the treatises of Tantra and was passed by the Yogins since time chicago dui lawyer immemorial.
This yoga is primarily based on relaxation, working near the liminal phase of sleep. This technique uses representations as practiced in the relaxation therapy . The induction by the teacher, the sweetness and relational body awareness in the moment 39 are similar to the Ericksonian hypnosis .
Non-Hindu traditions of Yoga
Buddhism and yoga
Mudra Buddhist
Yoga has elements common to the religious beliefs and practices of Dharmic religions 40 . The strong cash advance loans influence of Yoga is evident in Buddhism , known by its austerities, spiritual exercises, and trance states 41 , 42 . Meditation dhyana peculiar to Buddhism is the practice that is closest to yoga.
Cittamātra
Cittamātra (Sanskrit), “nothing but spirit” , is one of the schools of Mahayana Buddhism . It is sometimes called Vijñanavada, path of consciousness, vijñānaptimātra, awareness alone, or Yogacara , yoga practitioners.
Shingon
Shingon is a Vajrayana Buddhist school Japanese , founded in the viii th century by the monk Kukai (空海). So this is to merge his mind with “Daïnitchi-Nyorai” ( Maha Mairocana ) by practicing the three mysteries “traïguya Yoga”, which are the mystery of the body, speech, and thought, c ‘ is to say simultaneously perform a symbolic gesture with the hands, a mudra , repeating a mantra and see before him the form of the Buddhist related. The name of a number of deities suggests that there is a relationship between elements from kundalini yoga and this form of Tantrism and uchussma or gundali, or finally irritated the principal deity achalanatha (Fudo Myoo) the immutable, which is one of the names of Shiva. It is sometimes depicted as a dragon snaking around a flaming sword.
Yidam of fortune
Tibetan Buddhism
Main article: Six Yogas of Naropa .
In the Vajrayana , the mandala is the interior anatomy of the subtle body or etheric, allowing control breaths ( Pranas ), channels (nadis), drops (bindus), and centers of consciousness, or wheels of energy, called cakra . Practices associated with it spiritualize the body by making it an instrument to achieve, and are similar to hatha yoga and kundalini yoga Hindus. As for the external mandala, it is deployed by the yoga of deity ( Yidam ) 43 . Tibetan Yoga combines breathing techniques, rhythmic exercises, mantric practices, it draws on the Yogi Naropa practices and internal exercises similar to Chi Cong 44 .
Egypt and yoga
According Yogacharya Babacar Khane, the research he conducted in Egypt with his wife, Genevieve Khane, allowed him to highlight the presence in Egypt of a form of Egyptian yoga hatha yoga very close to the India . “Egyptian Yoga includes postures similar to those of India: the lotus position , the king cobra, bridge, etc. of the plow. but more specific attitudes that are characterized by their verticality. This type of yoga allows a gradual recovery of the vertebral tree and shoulders, it releases all floors lung can regain normal respiratory capacity and a renewed vigor and vitality. The combined movements, demanding attention, developing the power of concentration and that the path of Ch’an called “the presence in this . ” » 45
Western practices of yoga derived
Yoga for the blind
The disability is a physical state, it is a fact but not a state of being. We are never our illness or our disability. Being, the true self is never disabled. The teaching yoga to blind is demanding: be clear, precise and never assume a simple action for non-disabled. Each course is an opportunity to be creative. It is also a great lesson in life, for accepting his disability is to be humble and work with our weaknesses to rise rather than fight against them. This allows finally to live in harmony with yourself 46 .
Yoga at school
Yoga at school
For children, a yoga class is first exercising his body. At school, even if education includes knowledge, personal skills and knowledge, favors knowledge and expertise. Yoga includes a variety of techniques. On the scale of the child’s goal remains the same, however, the program is simpler and within reach. The work is oriented towards the physical body through postures (asanas), breathing (pranayama) and relaxation (Savasana) 47 .
Yoga and Ayurveda
Jnana mudra
The Ayurveda and yoga are sometimes associated.
Yogathérapie
The term yogathérapie was created in 1970 by Dr. Bernard Auriol to describe the use of health methods and principles of yoga from India 48 .
References
Texts of yoga
Patanjali Yoga-sutra (II, e s. BC.?), trans. Françoise Mazet, Albin Michel, et al. “Modern Spirituality,” 1991.
Various texts online Yogapartout .
Svâtmârama, Haṭhayogapradīpikā (XV th century.?), trans. Tara Mi, Fayard, 2007.
The yoga sutras of Patanjali (Version “plain”, basically didactic, by Sylviane Legrand)
Studies on the yoga
Mircea Eliade , Yoga, Immortality and Freedom , Payot, Paris, 1991, 433 p. ( ISBN 2228883506 ) .
Eric Baret, Yoga vibration body, body of silence , Ed Almora, Paris, 2006, 343 p. ( ISBN 2351180054 ) .
John Klein , transmit light , Publishing Paperback, Gordes, 2005, 367 p. ( ISBN 2914916469 ) .
Blandine Calais-Germain, Anatomy for the Movement , tome1, Ed DésIris, Paris, 1998, 300 p. ( ISBN 2907653016 ) .
Michel Mourre , religions and philosophies of Asia , Ed Roundtable, Paris, 1998, 464 p. ( ISBN 271030841X ) .
Ysé Tardan-Masquelier , The spirit of yoga , Ed Albin Michel, Paris, 2005, 220 p. ( ISBN 2226154442 ) .
Jean Papin, and Tantra Yoga, Ed Dervy, Paris, 1990, 295 p. ( ISBN 2850762792 ) .
Jean Papin, The path of yoga , Ed Dervy, Paris, 1990, 280 p. ( ISBN 2850761710 ) .
Indrajit Garai, yoga and ayurveda , Ed Le Dauphin, Marsat, 2006, 328 p. ( ISBN 271631313X ) .
TKV Desikachar , Yoga Volume 1, Ed Viniyoga, Paris, 1980, 280 p. ISBN no.
Alain Danielou , Yoga, method of reintegration , Ed L’Arche, Paris, 1997, 216 p. ( ISBN 2851810227 ) .
Alain Danielou, The fate of the world , Ed Albin Michel, Paris, 2000, 246 p. ( ISBN 2226059717 ) .
Alain Porte, The Bhagavad-Gita , Ed Arléa, Paris, 2004, 176 p. ( ISBN 2869592418 ) .
Andre Van Lysebeth , I learn yoga , Ed J’ai Lu, Paris, 2004, 340 p. ( ISBN 2290341738 ) .
Swami Satyananda, Commentaries on freedom. Comments of the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali , Ed Satyanandashram, 2005, 286P. ISBN: unknown.
David Frawley , Yoga and Ayurveda , Ed Turiya, 2004, 400 p. ( ISBN 2951801904 ) .
- Psychological approaches:
Carl Gustav Jung The energies of the soul , Albin Michel ( ISBN 2226104925 ) ,
Carl Gustav Jung , Psychology of Kundalini Yoga , intr. Sonu Shamdasani, New. ed., Albin Michel , ( ISBN 9782226157119 )
Paul Masson-Oursel , Yoga Collection “What do I know? “No. 643, PUF, 1954.
Maryse Choisy , Yoga and Psychoanalysis , Ed Mont-Blanc, Geneva – 1949.
H. Flamm, Yoga and psychoanalysis , Ed Praxis, 1969.
Paramahansa Yogananda , Autobiography of a Yogi .
oga Germanized or yoga is one of India’s philosophical doctrine that a series of mental and physical exercises such as Yama , Niyama , Asana , Pranayama , Pratyahara , Kriya , meditation and asceticism covers. The term Yoga ( Sanskrit , m, योग. yoga , of yuga ‘yoke’ yuj for: tie, to yoke, harness, harness’) can both “association” or “integration” mean, and in terms of “harnessing “and” tightening “of the body to the soul to the collection and concentration or becoming one with God to be understood. Since each path to God-realization can be described as yoga, there are Hindu name for the many different yoga paths, which are adapted to the respective assessments of the knowledge of God aspirant.
Yoga is one of the six classical schools ( Darshanas ) of Indian philosophy. There are many different forms of yoga, often with its own philosophy and practice. In Western Europe and North America, one thinks of the term yoga often only to physical exercises, the asanas or Yogasanas .
Some of meditative forms of yoga put their emphasis on mental focus, others to physical exercises and positions, and breathing exercises ( pranayama ) stress, other directions, the asceticism . The philosophical foundations of yoga were mainly of Patanjali in Yogasutra summarized, and the Bhagavad Gita and the Upanishads about yoga.
Contents [ Hide ]
A history
2 yoga philosophy
2.1 roots
2.2 Bhagavad-Gita
3 Yoga and religion
4 The concept of yoga
5 Modern Yoga
Six yoga schools and directions
7 Yoga and Health
8 Literature
9 External links
10 Notes and references
History
Even the older Upanishads (approx. 700 BC) describe breathing exercises and the withdrawal of the senses ( pratyahara ) in the Atman as an aid to meditation ( dhyana ). The middle Upanishads, which originated around chiropractic marketing 400 BC, mention several times the word yoga and also the essential elements of the later Yoga system. The yoga was here in close connection with the theories, as the philosophical system of Samkhya developed, and formed his practice continue.
In the Mahabharata, by about 300 BC, the Yoga is already an important place and is mentioned as a practical counterpart to the theoretical Sankhya. While in the Mahabharata and the older Puranas Kapila and others are known as the founder of Yoga appears, at this point in his younger Puranas Patanjali. It may be assumed Chicago Criminal Lawyer that the traditional Patanjali yoga lessons in the 2nd or 4 Century BC summarized. His work consists of 194 short, four books distributed aphorisms ( sutras ).
The classical Indian texts describe four paths of yoga:
Raja Yoga is called the meditative-oriented stages of the Eight Limb Yoga of Patanjali (Ashtanga yoga also called “Ashta” = eight, “Anga” = parts).
Jnana Yoga (yoga of knowledge, intellectual direction)
Karma Yoga (yoga of action, of selfless action)
Bhakti Yoga (yoga of devotion / dedication to God, or Ishta devata )
Originally, yoga was a purely spiritual way, especially the search for enlightenment through meditation was the goal. The many asanas arisen in the course of time. Its main objective is to strengthen the body to mobilize and that he free of pain for an extended period in the sitting position – for example, lotus position can linger -. With time it became more and more the positive effect of physical exercises on the whole well-being of the people. The asanas were developed, and the exercise of yoga gets in our time is becoming increasingly important. A first reflects this development in the emergence of hatha yoga . The ” Hatha Yoga Pradipika “, a text dating from the 15th Century sets, are the techniques that involve the body as an effective means of achieving the existential and spiritual goals of yoga.
Yoga philosophy
Roots
Since yoga originated in India dates back to the roots of yoga lie philosophy in Hinduism and parts of Buddhism . The individual is seen here as a traveler in the carriage of the material body. The car is the body of the driver of the mind, the five horses, the five senses, the soul of the passenger, and the dish is called in Indian “Yoga”. The oldest records are found in the Upanishads . The main source of yoga is the yoga sutra of Patanjali .
Bhagavad-Gita
The chapter headings in the Bhagavad-Gita each indicate a particular form of yoga, such as karma yoga or jnana-yoga. They give the practitioner important for the understanding of yoga philosophy and religious backgrounds. Among other things, they contain ethical teachings, which is about the Yamas and Niyamas show. The text is about karma – the Hindu and Buddhist principle of cause and effect – to reincarnation , meditation , Dharma , knowledge of God and faith-filled love of God. The text often used pictorial representations. So the enemy can be relatives, Arjuna to fight, as a symbol for the kleshas be interpreted, of which the Yogi (one who practices yoga) is clean.
In addition, the Bhagavad-Gita direct instructions for the followers of Yoga, the yogi. So it is in the 5th Chapter: “To solving of the outside world, staring at the root of the nose ( Nasikagra ) looking – the breath and exhaling (Ein-/Ausatmung) regulating the same, passing through the nose, inner being. “(verse 27) [1]
Verse 28 turns to the spiritual goals, “reining the senses, heart and spirit, the very salvation faces – Freed from desire, fear and anger, so he is always saved. ”
In the 6th Chapter deals with contemplation ( dhyana ) and the right way:
In verse 10 it says: “The yogi should constantly strive in solitude – alone, bezähmend sense and self, hoping nothing, no possessions “. [2]
Verses 11-13 of the 6th Chapter contains instructions on how to posture and even to sit on. 12 “The Spirit directed to a point, reining thinking, senses and actions – sitting down on the seat he practice meditation to clean its own 13 Evenly body, neck, head unmoved reserved, remain he states – Looking at his nose, he does not look out here and there. ”
Verses 33-34 go on a religious concept. Arjuna points out that the spirit is so hard to curb as the wind, and Krishna tells him that they could discipline the mind through effort and sacrifice. Then Arjuna asks what was the matter with those people who can not restrain himself, whether the were lost forever. Krishna consoles him by pointing to the incarnation as a another chance, samadhi to achieve.
Yoga and religion
Although the roots in Hinduism, yoga is practiced by people of different religions and philosophies. Although the motivation really is to pursue spiritual goals and enlightenment ( moksha ) to find, this is only partly in Europe and North America. In the Yamas and Niyamas can be some parallels to the precepts of Christianity , Judaism and Islam find. Following a teaching of the Upanishads yogis consider the soul of the world (cf. Brahman / Atman ) as a universal principle that unites all living beings and their inherent common. The historical roots have been the karma concept and the reincarnation teachings influenced yoga. In the Islamic culture to find parallels to yoga in Sufism , Islamic mysticism . The Patanjali Yoga philosophy is distinguished by a theistic orientation of the similar in many respects Samkhya -doctrine, the belief in a God plays no role.
The Yoga concept
Yoga exercises follow today mostly a holistic approach, the body , mind and soul to reconcile. Especially in Western countries is often taught in yoga lessons. Such a combined asanas, phases of deep relaxation, breathing exercises and meditation exercises. The practice of asanas, the interplay between body, mind, soul and breath better. The aim is to improve vitality and at the same time an attitude of inner serenity .
In the original yoga teaching yoga is a path of self-improvement, to include, among other things, the desire to curb and methods of cleaning exercise. The spiritual background of yoga differs greatly in different schools, and he does different roots in the Asian region, and the doctrines were subjected to a historical development. Therefore, it is very different perspectives on the meaning of yoga and different approaches.
Combined according to a traditional view that the pre-scientific and spiritual elements of yoga is the combination of postures , movements, internal points of concentration , breath control and the use of mantras (meditation word or sound syllables) and mudras (postures in combination with bandhas or hand gestures / ‘Finger Yoga’ ), the vital energy ( kundalini stimulation), so that it starts with the Sushumna in the etheric spine to the chakra to rise (energy centers).
Modern Yoga
In the second half of the 20th Century has not evolved at a single school-bound type of yoga. In the “modern yoga” the focus is on the practice of yoga that can be more meditative and more body-related. Noting the positive effects of exercise practice we consider yoga as individual enrichment or as a contribution to personal development, largely irrespective of religious or philosophical beliefs of the student. gurus and doctrines are opposed to the traditional yoga attributed little significance.
It sets out some rules of conduct, the rules are for the students rather recommendations without binding character. Yoga is not taught as a philosophical system, instead there is a tendency towards an empirical approach. Methods for cleaning will be evaluated in terms of health benefits (see Shat- Kriyas ). In connection with the emphasis of the training effect of yoga on body and mind will occasionally views of Psychosomatic built on.
Yoga schools and directions
Backbend (camel posture)
The western parlance holds more body-conscious yoga practice under the generic term hatha yoga together. A well-known modern direction of Hatha Yoga in Europe and North America, Iyengar Yoga , a very physical way, which uses the simple tools, if necessary, in order to facilitate inexperienced to run the exercises. They also support the intention to work very precisely and subtly. The internationally for over 50 years of popular Sivananda yoga goes back to the two yoga masters Swami Sivananda and Swami Vishnu- . It is classical holistic yoga that integrates all known yoga fender flares systems. The Kundalini pay day loan Yoga by Yogi Bhajan ‘focuses on the awakening and directing the kundalini energy. A more religiously oriented yoga school, for example, Tibetan Yoga . The Marma Yoga emphasizes the aspect of self-awareness exercises. Technically precise positions taken are considered to be a “test” in which one gives his body a chance to “talk”, and adjusts the reflection on these exercises. With Kum Nye , there is a Buddhist Healing Yoga and Yantra Yoga a Tibetan yoga, meditation is used as a support. Tibetan dream yoga expands the scope of intellectual and yogic exercises on the field of sleep . The Kriya Yoga is to Paramahansa Yogananda back. A synthesis and developing the traditional yoga forms found in the Integral Yoga by Aurobindo place.
In addition to the traditional directions, especially in the wake of fitness – and wellness . creates trends over again “new” types of yoga, so that now a vast number of different schools of yoga exist power yoga , one coming from America toward which the old Ashtanga (Vinyasa) Yoga is derived, is one of those modern yoga styles. The most recent development is one of the directions of these Bikram yoga , a physically demanding yoga at high ambient temperatures. The dynamic Jivamukti Yoga is usually practiced on in the music originated in New York . Mixed forms may arise, it will now Yogilates courses offered, consisting of a mix of yoga and Pilates are exercises.
In the women’s movement emerged in the 90s in women’s culture projects its own design variations of yoga. Were published materials and Yabluga Luna Yoga. [3] [4]
There are also new religious movements that define themselves as traditional elements of yoga Yoga path and pick up such as Sahaja Yoga or Surat Shabd Yoga .
By Boris Bankruptcy Sakharov (disciple of Swami Sivananda and one of the pioneers of yoga in the West) is the following quote: “From day to day new yoga mushrooms shoot from the supersaturated by lush fantasy land of Oriental Studies, and to promote new names revealed as Sattva Yoga, Buddhi Yoga, Purna Yoga, etc. – as if the classic types of yoga, how to maintain the first five mentioned (namely, Karma, Bhakti, Hatha, Raja and Jnana), were not quite enough. ”
In Germany, offer adult education centers and other public educational institutions in yoga classes on various forms of yoga, they are independent of each yoga schools and organizations, and their religious and ideological views. Most direct-trained yoga teacher often by health insurance supported courses.
The selection and evaluation of yoga teachers and yoga directions is controversial and sometimes unclear. Thus it is only recently an injunction against the VHS has obtained a stop in Munich, the application of yoga schools, yoga issue the diplomas. The issue of qualifications is permitted only universities.
The associations bring little magazines , such as the biannual journal Yoga Vidya published. Also mentioned are yoga Currently , a comprehensive, bi-monthly Journal and Yoga Journal .
Today at least three million people practice yoga in Germany, including about eighty percent of women.
Yoga and Health
Basically, yoga has shown some positive effects, both assessed on the physical and the mental health. Yoga can sometimes lead to a relief from various diseases, such as circulatory disorders [5] , insomnia [6] , nervous disorders ( anxiety and depression [7] ), chronic headaches [8] or back pain . [9]
The benefits of yoga for disease or to maintain health is rated differently. In Germany, costs for yoga classes will be reimbursed by health insurance, especially in the context of the prevention principle of avoidance of specific risks and stress-related diseases (action guidelines of the health insurance according to § 20 para 1 and 2 SGB V). The healthy aspect is weighted differently in different directions yoga. In part, it is viewed solely as a by-product, sometimes it is the central point of the approach.
In the asanas , flexibility, balance and muscle endurance. For example, it is through the activation of the muscles, tendons, ligaments, and blood and lymph vessels in the asanas to improved blood circulation. The back muscles are strengthened, which in turn can lead to improved posture. Overloading or incorrectly performed exercises, however, can also be harmful. Therefore, yoga is not just for books, but under the guidance of a qualified yoga teacher to be learned.
Yoga has many people on a soothing, balancing effect and thus can the consequences of stress counteract. In addition, with the breathing exercises and meditation are used associated inner reflection, to reflect on one’s own behavior towards others, to make it more positive.
There are also specific complaints tailored types of yoga, such as the hormone-yoga , which is intended to help mainly with symptoms during menopause.
Literature
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Sandra Anderson, Rolf Sovik: Yoga – The base ; Munich: Ludwig, 2004 ISBN 3-7787-9142-7
Sri Aurobindo : The Synthesis of Yoga , Gladenbach: Hinder + Deelmann, 1976 2 , ISBN 3-87348-082-4
BDY – professional association of yoga teachers in Germany (Ed.): The path of yoga . Via Nova Publishing, 2007 5 , ISBN 978-3-928632-02-7
TKV Desikachar: Yoga tradition and experience. The practice of Yoga Sutra of Patanjali Yoga after . Via Nova Publishers, 1997, ISBN 3-928632-00-0
Mircea Eliade : Yoga. Immortality and Freedom . Island Press, 2004, ISBN 978-3-458-34701-9 .
Christian Fuchs: Yoga in Germany , Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1990.
Wilfried Huchzermeyer: The Yoga Dictionary. Sanskrit terms, practice style, biographies . Savitri edition, 2006, ISBN 3-931172-25-2
BKS Iyengar : Light on Yoga . OW Barth in jest, 1993 7 , ISBN 3-502-63334-7
Helmuth Maldoner: Yoga Sutra of Patanjali’s yoga guide. Sanskrit-German , publisher Raja Jutta Zimmermann, 2002 2 , ISBN 3-936684-04-9
Patanjali: The roots of yoga. The classic Sutras of Patanjali – the foundation of all yoga systems ; OW Barth in jest, 2005 12 , ISBN 3-502-61116-5
Swami Satyananda Saraswati: Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha , Ananda-Verlag, 2001 4 , ISBN 3-928831-17-8
Georg Feuerstein: “The yoga tradition: history, literature, philosophy and practice of” yoga-Verlag, 2008, ISBN 3-935001-06-1
MTV Prank Show http://www.youtube.com/user/bobocitas http://www.myspace.com/bethanydwyer http://www.mtv.com/shows/disaster_date/series.jhtml
yoga mudra vitality